Carl Sandburgs View of Language Essay -- Poem Poet Essays

Carl Sandburg's View of Language Carl Sandburg's poem Languages is a poem about how languages can change over time. On the surface level, it compares the evolution of language to the formation of a river. At the same time, however, it makes a statement on why languages are difficult to label and mark. The lines dividing languages blur very easily. Languages There are no handles upon a language Whereby men take hold of it And mark it with signs for its remembrance. It is a river, this language, Once in a thousand years Breaking a new course Changing its way to the ocean. It is mountain effluvia Moving to valleys And from nation to nation Crossing borders and mixing. Languages die like rivers. Words wrapped round your tongue today And broken to shape of thought Between your teeth and lips speaking Now and today Shall be faded hieroglyphics Ten thousand years from now. Sing-and singing-remember Your song dies and changes And is not here tomorrow Any more than the wind Blowing ten thousand years ago The first three lines of the poem talk about how man has no firm grip on language. It is clearly not a physical thing to be grasped, and it cannot be marked as such. There is an attachment between men and language, but it is not clear. This may be a statement on the many different languages humans speak. It may not be clear when a language has completely changed into something different, or when it is merely a different dialect. It is hard to tell where the boundaries are, which is why it is described as having no handles for men to take hold of and mark it with signs for its remembrance. These difficulties arise because exactly what makes a language is difficult to determine. Sometimes it can be... ...guage dies. In its entirety, this poem describes how a language can evolve or die, and how things said in this language can change or die with it. Boundaries between languages may not be clear. Like rivers they can travel close together, or merge completely. All languages, however, act as rivers. They start at a source and travel. They then travel, merge, or fade away. Upon closer examination, the poem also says why languages are difficult to label. The reason is that they change with time. The English language of today is not the same English language spoken hundreds of years ago. As all languages evolve similarly, this applies to all languages. Subtle changes in gestures, writing, or spoken language eventually add up. After a long enough period of time it is as though an entirely new language has formed, but kept the same name as the previous language.

Organizational Behavior Issues in Aussieco Essay

Aussieco, an Australian company established as a small manufacturing and service operation company in 1962 is now a fully expanded company with 600 employees. The company built its reputation on a single product holding 90 per cent of the Australian market in the 1980. Over the years the market holding has gone down by 30 percent in spite of the product being unique and company facing little competition in the market (Jones,Gal, n. d) The downturn in Aussieco’s performance is mainly due to issues with the company’s management and organizational behavior. Organizational Behavior refers to ‘the understanding, prediction and management of human behavior in organizations’ (Luthans,2010). It is the study of individuals and their behavior in a work place. A company’s performance and outcome largely depends on its organizational behavior as it is an interdisciplinary field that includes sociology, psychology, communication and management. Aussieco’s organizational behavior issues can be explained through Henri Fayol’s 14 management principles. Henri Fayol’s theory of administration and organizational behavior focuses on the personal duties of management and managerial effectiveness which aussieco lacked. (Fayol,1971). The company has inexperienced staff and no specialization as major high authority staff is friends and family without skilled knowledge. The executive managing director is the owner’s nephew with no practical or industrial experience. The production supervisor is the production manager’s best friend who has little knowledge of the daily production tasks as he is a carpet fitter by qualification. Employees at the operative level are migrant labor mostly lacking formal qualification. On diversification, management failed to understand the changing market needs. Aussieco follows the power culture where control is centralized. The major motivational or driving force is fear (Luthans,2011). Suggestions and personal preferences are not welcomed. The owner-chairman reacts in a strong negative way if any manager’s opinion differentiates from his. This lack of consultation leads to staff feeling de motivated and undervalued. Though there has been division of labor and departmentalization in the company but the managers lack authority and responsibility. On the instance of owner accepting order from a bad debt customer without consulting the general manager shows lack of authority for the manager. Owner’s dictatorial attitude and ignorance of modern trends hold back the dedicated managers to improve and bring changes in the company’s working, as they are either fired from the job or become his instant enemies. The company lacks discipline and employee commitment. Lack of loyalty, no willingness to put high levels of effort, no belief in the company’s goals and vales and lack of faith in the management all together leads to all the issues of Aussieco. During lunch hours the senior management and sales staff have access to unlimited alcohol in the workplace. Assembly line workers underperform and hold back production with vague excuses. Subordination of individual interest over the company’s interest and goal is one of the major problems of Aussieco Employees overtime to get paid extra and not for productive outcomes. Also the senior programmer in spite of completing his work order uses his work holiday for personal matters. There is lack of equity and justice among the employees. The rule being everyone must vacate office during lunch break but exceptions for the senior management and sales staff that eat in the work place, operatives and other staff are allowed no food or drinks in the workplace. The migrant staff is treated well and better than its own internal staff. There are less internal promotions. High employee turnover, no stability of tenure of personnel is another major issue with Aussieco. To attain maximum productivity of personnel it is essential to have a stable workforce, which Aussieco lacks. There are frequent mass resignations in the company. No production manager lasts for more than 3 years in the company. The post of personnel manager is vacant since 2 months. Employees have no job security and thus are not fully committed to their work. This further increases the company’s costs of recruitment,selection and training. There is lack of motivation and initiative by the management for the welfare of the employees. There is lack of rewards, appraisal and bonus. The workshop roofs are without insulation and leak during heavy rain, no doors and filthy windows point toward bad and unhealthy working conditions. This even gave a loss of $AUS 500,000 when water leakage blew a computerized robot. No parking area provided for the employees, who reach frustrated to the office,which in turn shows in their slow performance. Lack of structured work, irregularity in work and no proper accounts and records maintained by the managers is another organizational issue for Aussieco. Though the record showed a stock of 4700 resistors but none could be located. A welder forgotten by the company after fitting of new automat is idle and has no contribution in the company. Reasons why these problems occur. One of the major reason for the organizational issues of aussieco is the employee attitude. Job satisfaction focuses on employee attitude and organizational commitment focuses on their attitude towards the organization. Job satisfaction is determined by how well the expectations of employees are met in return of their output (Luthans,2011). The aspects of job satisfication are not met by Aussieco. Employees of Aussieco are unsatisfied with the kind of work they get, the job provides less opportunities for learning and less responsibility. There is lack of remuneration and pay, less promotional opportunities, bad working conditions. This high level of job dissatisfaction of employees reflects in their low performance, company’s low profits, high employee turnover, high absenteeism and low level of commitment towards the company. The attitude of employees in an organization is largely influenced by the kind of environment the organization posses and further the attitude of employees affects their efficiency and performance at the organizational level. The environment of aussieco is not employee friendly thus employees have a negative attitude. Employee traits can be best explained by the Five factor model. Job performance is highly dependent on an individual’s conscientiousness (i. e dutifulness, persistence, industriousness) and emotional stability (i. anxiety, security, suspiciousness). In Aussieco employees had low conscientiousness and low emotional stability which affected their overall task performance and contextual performance. Organizational commitment is an important attitude toward the employers and the company. It is the extent to which we identify with them. Most of the employees, posses’ continuance organizational commitment, which is a calculative approach, where they chose to continue working in the company because they ‘have to’ rather than their want or obligation. This attitude is influenced by perceived costs of leaving the company, lack of opportunities, age, peer pressure, society expectations etc. Employees of Aussieco developed this attitude because of the mechanistic treatment they receive and lack of empathy from management. Autocracy is the concentration of power and authority in hands of one person. The management of Aussieco has an autocratic structure with the owner having unlimited power and absolute authority. There is a strict hierarchical structure; orders are sent from top level to bottom level. Ideas, personal opinions and suggestions are unwelcomed. In this management style managers believe workers must be controlled to ensure maximum productivity (Luthans,2011). Aussieco’s structure can be best explained by Douglas McGregor’s theory X. This theory represents an assumption of conflicting and negative working attitudes. The managers assume an average person dislikes work and will avoid it if possible, thus must be forced with threat of punishment to achieve organizational goals. An average person prefers to be directed and avoids responsibility. This approach encourages deadline and ultimatums, arrogant and demanding managers, mechanistic approach, no concern toward staff and one way communication (Jeremiah,2009). In Aussieco this approach resulted in a negative attitude by the employees, made them insecure and unhappy. Lack of Taylor’s scientific management. Frederik winslow taylor’s key idea was to improve industrial efficiency scientifically. He encouraged scientifically selecting and training workers and regularly monitoring their work to improve efficiency which also improves work man happiness and positivity (Lynch,1984). Aussieco lacked scientific selection, training and development of workmen and passively left them to train themselves. Managers did not supervise and provide instructions to the employees and there was no division of work between managers and workers. There was lack of specialization, standardized and systematic approach. The company continuously changed its suppliers for cheapest material available, a supplier providing 99. 5% quality level charging $20 per unit was replaced with a supplier charging $12per unit. The quality of the product suffered, increasing customer complaints and affecting the goodwill of the company negatively. There is lack of communication between departments, department managers and workers and senior management and managers. The senior management is unapproachable and not interested in the issues of the company and workers. Though Taylorism has faced criticism of exploitation, mechanistic approach etc but in relation to Aussieco, the company needs to adapt certain principles of Taylorism for a better organizational working. To conclude Ausseico’s major issue is organizational and management structure. The company should have a more humanistic and realistic approach with a right balance of authority and responsibility.

Victors and Vanquished Essay - 1412 Words

Victors and Vanquished The history of the Western hemisphere is full of war and conquest. One of the most significant and defining of those conquests is the downfall of the Mexica/Aztec Empire. While there are many other events to choose from, this one stands out since it was one over one of the largest empires in Central America. It is also important to look at because of the immense cultural impact it had. The story of this takeover reads like a movie script, a small band of Spaniards single handedly takes down the most powerful empire in Central America. It was an epic battle, which unfortunately led to the destruction of a magnificent culture. As in any major historical event there are many underlying themes and storylines that†¦show more content†¦While greed was defiantly a starting point for Cortezs expedition, it was his greed while in Central Mexico that changed the tide of history. Cortezs first encounters with the natives in Central Mexico gave him crucial information about a large wea lthy nation that was further inland. While still on the coast representatives from this nation canoed out to Cortez, which officially started relations between Spain and the Aztecs. Among many things given to the Spaniards during the first few days of contact with the Aztecs was a large chest of gold figures along many other expensive things. This gesture of good will by the Aztecs would eventually lead to their downfall. The moment Cortez started receiving all these wonderful items his mind was most likely made up that he would do whatever it took to plunder every valuable item of the Aztec kingdom. As Cortez gradually moved deeper into Aztec territory he steadily received more gifts from the Aztecs and from other city-states that surrounded Tenochtitlan. Each time Montezuma requested for Cortez and the Spaniards to return back to the coast and conduct meetings and trade from there. However, with each gift received just gave Cortez additional incentive to move towards Tenochtitlan. By the time the Spaniards were in Tenochtitlan the Aztecs saw their true colors and it was too late. A second major theme, which played a very importantShow MoreRelated Victors and Vanquished Essay1402 Words   |  6 PagesVictors and Vanquished   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The history of the Western hemisphere is full of war and conquest. One of the most significant and defining of those conquests is the downfall of the Mexica/Aztec Empire. While there are many other events to choose from, this one stands out since it was one over one of the largest empires in Central America. It is also important to look at because of the immense cultural impact it had. The story of this takeover reads like a movie script, a small band of SpaniardsRead MoreWomen Of Algiers By Pablo Picasso898 Words   |  4 Pagesremorse for hurting others, and lust for control and power over women. This is emphasised in the quote: â€Å"with Pablo there must always be a victor and a vanquished. I could not be satisfied with being a victor, nor, I think, could anyone who is emotionally mature. There was nothing gained by being vanquished either, because with Pablo, the moment you were vanquished he lost all interest.† (Gilot, F, 1964) This shows just how necessary it was for Picasso to feel like he was the one in control over theRead MoreEssay about History At Its Best1616 Words   |  7 Pages in the shortest amount of time. The three books, The Interesting Narrative, by Olaudah Equiano, Victors and Vanquished, by Stuart B. Schwartz, and A Social Contract, by Jean-Jeacques Rousseau, each provide a view of the modern era in their own individual ways. Olaudah Equianos account of his life as a slave is directed at the problem of slavery. Stuart B. Schwartz Victors and Vanquished, provides a collection of personal accounts about the conquest of Mexico under the command of HernandoRead MoreWhy The United States Entered World War I942 Words   |  4 Pagesbefore is hardly reasonable for all nations. For peace to occur there would either have to be equality, or the victor would have to force peace on the vanquished. Equality is not feasible because everyone wants the power, so they can be in control. If the victor for ced peace on the vanquished it would only be accepted because that is their only choice. The victor forcing peace on the vanquished would only be a temporary solution of peace, it would not last, because they would have a bitter memory ofRead MoreVictor Frankenstein Isolation Essay1251 Words   |  6 PagesUltimately, Dr. Victor Frankenstein is responsible for the creatures acts of destruction due to the certitude the creature came into existence in the mindset of a child or newborn. In the 1818 novel by Mary Shelley, the themes of monstrosity and isolation are apparent with the relationship between Victor Frankenstein and his monster. Dr. Frankenstein fled at the sight of his horrific, figurative son, abandoned him and never taught him how to deal with actions and consequences as a parent should.Read MoreBeowulf Essay759 Words   |  4 Pagesguest of hers and had drawn her knife, broad burnished of edge: for her boy was to be avenged, her only son.† (Lines 1545-1547) Although obviously a monster, a ‘damned thing from the deep’ (line1519) the reader can understand her love for her vanquished son. She was unable to protect him in life but was determined to take revenge and kill Beowulf for the slaying of her loved one. This battle is more difficult for Beowulf to win as she proves to be a worthy opponent and towards the end of the passageRead MoreRomantic and Enlightenment Ideas in Frankenstein Essay1153 Words   |  5 Pagesborn. In Frankenstein, Shelley argues (1) that Victor Frankensteins role as an Enlightenment hero, not only pulled him out of nature, but made him a slave to his creation; (2) that Frankensteins role as a revolting romantic failed, because he didnt take responsibility for his creation; and (3) mankind must find a balance between the Enlightenment and Romantic ideologies. In his youth Victor spent his time secluded from nature, studying books. Victor spent every hour trying to learning how to banishRead MoreThe Spanish Conquest1711 Words   |  7 Pagesimportantly) gunpowder gave the invaders a devastating superiority of force, man for man, against warriors armed only with bravery and stone-edged weapons. Spanish weaponry produced staggering death tolls[5]. For the Conquest of Mexico, In Victors and Vanquished, by Stuart Schwartz, he says, â€Å"despite the Mexica’s experience in warfare their military objectives, weapons, tactics, and experience put them at a decided disadvantage in the face of Spanish steel and Spanish objectives even though they outnumberedRead MoreWorld War I: The Big Three at the Center of the Peace Settlement of Versailles 886 Words   |  3 Pagesthroughout the 20th century. One well-known historian in support of this view is David Andelmen, which is displayed in the following statement â€Å"The peace imposed at V ersailles by the western powers –Britain, France, Italy and the United States – On the vanquished, not to mention the weak, the powerless, the orphaned and the friendless, determined much of what went wrong for the balance of the century and beyond.† These three men according to Andelmen were the soul reason for many of the events and crisesRead MoreA Rose For Miss Emily Analysis973 Words   |  4 Pagesnever pursuing the matter further. It is significant to note that a colonel is subordinate only to a captain in military rank. The aldermen did not have the ability to pull rank on either the dead colonel or Miss Emily. She â€Å"vanquished them, horse and foot as she had vanquished their fathers thirty years before about the smell† (Faulkner, paragraph 15). â€Å"Vanquish† is a strong term specifically denoting to overcome in battle. The addition of the phrase â€Å"horse and foot† is a reference to the cavalry

The Causes Of Decolonization After World War II - 979 Words

After World War II, there was uprising decolonization in many countries. Decolonization is the ‘’withdrawal from its former colonies of a colonial power’’ (OED). The factors that caused this transformation are colonial nationalism, politics, religious and ethnic movements and international pressure. During this time, the colonial powers were weakened, which brought opportunity for independence to many regions like French North Africa and India. Consequently, relationships between countries changed and they became opposed to colonialism. Therefore, many countries wanted to gain independence from colonies and empires and form new independent nations which lead to an end of the formal empire. Therefore, I argue that the reason for the†¦show more content†¦The people of Algeria are directed against colonialism and they wanted freedom from the French rule. They want to save their country and restore its liberty. They propose that the French authorities negotiate with them their right to self-determination. Their aim is restoration and independence of the Algerian state in accordance with the Islamic principles and respect of basic liberties regardless of race or religion (Battle of Algiers movie). France was not the only nation that wanted to expand and gain wealth. Many nations had the goal to be the most powerful country just like the Great Britain. The Great Britain wanted to control India because it was known as the Crown Jewel and it has many resources (Lec 11/15). Economically, Indians suffered because traditional industries died and workers were forced to make products for export to Britain. These products were mostly raw materials for British goods, which Indians had to buy. British runds india by company. came to India to trade and used all means available to them to dominate the country and exploited the wealth and riches of the country to feed their industrial revolution even at the cost of hurting the indian economy and industry. They did not even care during famine and lots of people lost their lives.Show MoreRelatedEffects Of Decolonization727 Words   |  3 PagesDecolonization can be achieved by gaining independence, along with interaction of power also, it is a political process that causes violence in in a lot of circumstances and may sometimes be resolved by negotiating on peaceful terms. But can also lead to violent resistance and arm struggle by the native population. Eventually with World War coming to an end, it brought a revolution of decolonization in many countries. For many people, this was a positive thing as they were to obtain independenceRead MoreThe Common Elements Of Colonization Movements Of South Asia, The Middle East, And Africa780 Words   |  4 PagesMiddle East, decolonization usually was achieved by peaceful confrontation on the model of India. In settler territories, European populations stopped peaceful reform leading to majority rule. In the Middle East, the move was complicated by Zionism, which resulted in the introduction of a significant foreign Jewish population in Palestine. In many ways, the problem of Palestine is similar to the problems of colonialism in the settler colonies. 2. Discuss the proposition that both the causes and the outcomeRead MoreThe Last Utopia By Samuel Moyn Essay951 Words   |  4 Pagesvie for implementation, it is evident that he does not regard decolonization as a human rights struggle. 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When nationalism was on the rise they thought it would increase loyalty in the country. Instead of loyalty, people began to want more power. Archduke Ferdinand was the leader of Hungary. He was assassinated by a Serbian terrorist and this later lead to World War I. World War II began because they fought to defeat complete controlRead MoreMilitary Strategy and Planning1649 Words   |  7 Pagesï » ¿Part 1 Military theory afte r World War II drastically changed for two major reasons: the dropping of Atomic weapons on Japan and what would become known as the Cold War between the USSR and the West. Foreign policy, which became military policy, starting in 1947 is known as the Truman Doctrine. This began with U.S. support of Greece and Turkey with economic and military aid to prevent those countries from falling under Soviet influence. 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On the other side, the Soviets had lost millions of people and had a decimated infrastructure and agricultural economy. To protect itself from perceived aggressive, the Soviets occupied Eastern Europe and the Iron Curtain was born, giving way to the term Cold War. The major U.S. foreignRead MoreEconomic and Social System Comparisons1675 Words   |  7 Pages As World War II ended in approximately 1945 , Europe was split politically. As accounted by Winston Churchill, the Prime Minister of Britain, the political division between Western Europe and Eastern Europe was described as a iron curtain. ( Orgsites, pg 1) This political division was caused as Eastern Europe, ruled by the Soviets, was communist, while Western Europe was democratic, as they were highly influenced by the United States. ( Bradley, pg 3) The democratic west joined the United States

Impact Of Offshoring On The American Economy - 1417 Words

Economic Freedom With the current state of the economy, many companies are making the rash decisions of transferring their jobs to be completed by countries who pay their employees as little as 10% of the average earnings in America. Although this is happening in many professions, it is extremely noticeable in engineering with the managers of these large companies hoping to save a net cost of 70 percent (Ron Hira). This strategy, which is commonly known as offshoring, has been increasing in popularity exponentially and there have been many debates as to whether this method of production is a benefit, or a burden. It is uncertain what the overall effect of offshoring will have on the American economy but the workers, namely engineers, should begin adapting. It is believed that offshoring will have minimal effects on the employment rate in America due to the theory that when jobs are moved to other countries, the workers who have become unemployed will find employment as new opportuni ties are created. In reality, the adjustment will be difficult as proven by data collected by the Bureau of Labor Statistics Displaced Workers Survey in the year 2004. A survey showed that workers who were laid off between the years 2001 and 2003 remained unemployed at the beginning of 2004. It was also recorded that 43 percent of those who managed to find work earned the same pay as they did prior to being laid off, but the remaining 22 percent did not. These facts rely on the rate at whichShow MoreRelatedOutsourcing And Re Shoring Production1732 Words   |  7 Pages A globalizing economy along with cheap telecommunications technology is making it effortless for countless occupations that were formerly invulnerable to offshoring to be sent overseas. As globalization advances, the off shoring movement is likely to escalate as well. Nonetheless, numerous manufacturing companies such as Caterpillar, Bosh, and Phillips have disclosed that they will return part of their off-shored production to their home countries.(When Manufacturing moves back 1) Throughout thisRead MoreOutsourcing Is An Alternative For Modern Economic Development1031 Words   |  5 PagesUnited States. Outsourcing as it may seem beneficial to the companies that employ it, actually harms the economy by decreasing the job market that is present in the United states. Offshore outsourcing has a strong potential to affect a variety of jobs ranging from low paid low and skill jobs to high paid and skill jobs. A princeton economist had predicted that about thirty to forty percent americ an jobs can be offshored in the next ten to twenty years (Institute, 2015). Specifically, informational technologyRead MoreOutsourcing Or Off Shore Key Business Operations1623 Words   |  7 Pages(Sanders, 2009), weighs heavily on any American company as it grows and progresses through an archetypal life cycle. Leadership must consider whether the value of current employees and status-quo operations is advantageous to saving labor costs and hiring outside the company. While discounting current human capital within a company may save labor costs by outsourcing or hiring fresh in lieu of promoting, American companies should be slower to replace American employees because of the synergies thatRead MoreThe Future Of Workforce During America1495 Words   |  6 Pagesorigin of the industrial revolution, which later made America the greatest economy in the world, had its roots in America’s advanced position in science and innovation. Ford’s Assembly line is one such exampl e of innovation; it resulted in mass-production and made America the largest manufacturing country in the world. Manufacturing industries than became the foundation of economic growth, and provided jobs to many Americans and immigrants. United States retained its position as the the largest manufacturingRead MoreEssay on Business Outsourcing1599 Words   |  7 PagesOutsourcing to foreign shores, or offshoring, is an idea that has long been in practice, yet meets resistance when American business seeks to send jobs overseas. Sending jobs overseas may help a faltering American business keep their doors open and keep more important jobs open for American workers. Outsourcing has been a business practice for hundreds of years. Adopting legislation to curb Offshoring will limit American businesses competitive edge, one that helps small business thrive and grow,Read MoreImpact Of Globalization On The United States1454 Words   |  6 Pagesinnovations in several departments. I would lik e to give an overall view and perspective of the impact of globalization on the United States from a macro look at how globalization is now shaping America. Likewise, I will discuss in more detail how globalization has impacted the United States as it relates to technology, trade, transportation, and environmental pollution. Lastly, I will explain the impact of globalization on the United States as to how it relates to these forces on domestic companiesRead MoreLesson 5 Discussion Forum : Caterpillar Inc.1451 Words   |  6 PagesLesson 5 Discussion Forum Caterpillar Inc. (CAT) is an American-based company and the world’s leading manufacturer of construction and mining equipment, diesel and natural gas engines, industrial gas turbines and diesel-electric locomotives. CAT can trace its origins back to a 1925 merger between two tractor companies. However, the official genesis was in 1986 when the company reorganized under the Caterpillar Inc. name. The CAT headquarters are in Peoria, Illinois. Over the years, CAT has offshoredRead MoreU.s. Trade And Economy1293 Words   |  6 Pages US TRADE AND ECONOMY Then and Now Oshin Nandal 1001111637 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY As we know US went from being a net exporter to a net importer in a short span of time. Currently US economy is strong but with lots of debt. These changes in trade gap and debt were caused basically due to other developing nations coming up with low cost manufacturing system and thus US ended importing products from other countries. Also many US manufacturers moved their factories abroad due to cheap laborRead MoreA Research Study On Outsourcing Activities1145 Words   |  5 Pagescountries in the East, Southeast and South Asia (Tate et al 2014), so-called offshoring or outsourcing activities. This practice occurred strongly as a trend in the manufacturing industry due to economic and strategic objectives such as lower overseas labour cost, location advantage cost, related government and management cost and economies of scale (Roza et al. 2011). According to The Economist (2014), a growing number of American companies are moving their manufacturing back to the United States, approx imatelyRead MoreEssay about BUSI 613 Journal Review 1 Week 2 31191 Words   |  5 Pages Ferreira, J., Prokopets, L. (2009). Does offshoring still make sense? Supply Chain Management Review, 13(1), 20-n/a., pp 1-5, Retrieved from http://search.proquest.com/docview/221135949?accountid=12085 In this paper I will summarize the article, discuss the purpose intended by the authors, and discuss how this situation relates to the supply chain management theory. I will also suggest areas in offshoring where research done since its publication will enhance the findings

Federalism free essay sample

This paper analyzes the term Federalism in a United States context. This paper takes a look at the United States Constitution and the concept of Federalism. It examines the pros and cons of providing power to the State and a brief history of this concept and how it has been instituted. From the paper: The powers not delegated to the United States by the Constitution, nor prohibited by it to the States, are reserved to the States respectively, or to the people,? the 10th Amendment to the U.S. Constitution promises us, and in these words ? as elsewhere throughout the United States ? we see the outlines of the system of governance that is called federalism. Federalism is simply a type of political structure or organization that unites separate states under the governance of a single political system to ensure both that the individual states are allowed to maintain much of their autonomy while also allowing them to share in the greater power of a larger country. We will write a custom essay sample on Federalism or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page

Predation on Zebra Mussels by Freshwater Drum and Yellow Perch in Western Lake Erie

The main aim of the ecological research study, â€Å"Predation on Zebra by Freshwater Drum and Yellow Perch in Western Lake Erie† by Morrison, Lynch, and Dabrowski, was to identify the fish species that prey in zebra mussels. The zebra mussels population was increasing rapidly and it was thought to cause some ecosystem effects. Thus, methods for controlling their population increase were the key quest of the study (Morrison, Lynch and Dabrowski 177).Advertising We will write a custom article sample on Predation on Zebra Mussels by Freshwater Drum and Yellow Perch in Western Lake Erie specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More In studying the population of the zebra mussels, diverse objectives were set for achievement. Some of them include determining if the consumption of zebra mussels by freshwater drum and yellow perch was influenced by zebra mussels’ population and determining whether North American fish species selectively consumed zebra mussels. Additionally, examining how morphological adaptation such as mouth and throat formation of freshwater drum and yellow perch influenced their predation was also a considered objective in the study (Morrison, Lynch and Dabrowski 178). Methods used To augment the studies effectiveness, diverse methods were employed in fish collection. For instance, freshwater drum and yellow perch were collected randomly from selected survey sites by use of grid squares. Semi-balloon bottom trawl that was made up of 10.7mm head rope and mesh of approximately 6.4mm at one end of the cod was also used in the collection of fish study. The captured fish were enclosed according to their sizes to ensure their survival. SCUBA method was also used in the random collection of zebra mussels. Unlike other methods, SCUBA method collected zebra mussels together with marble and rocks. However, zebra mussels were separated from the marble and rocks manually (Morrison, Lynch and Dabrowski 179) . Laboratory analysis In order to determine the morphology of the fish species that coexisted in the selected water, diverse laboratory analyses were observed. For instance, the pharyngeal gapes of yellow perch and freshwater drum were measured using the Wainwright method. Wainwright is a process that involves the use of plastic dowels after thawing fish. Dowels of diverse diameters were used in determining the diameters of pharyngeal gapes of fish being studied (Morrison, Lynch and Dabrowski 179). Diverse parts of zebra mussels were also measured in order to determine their growth and development. For instance, the septa and shell length of zebra mussels of between 3 and 35mm were measured easily with dissecting microscope of 40X magnification power. The length, height and width of the zebra mussels under study were made by use of calipers. To calculate the dimensions of zebra mussels’ fish consumed by yellow perch and freshwater drum fishes, regression equations were employ ed.Advertising Looking for article on ecology? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Gastrointestinal tracts of diverse fish that were caught were also examined in order to determine the fish species that predated on zebra mussels. This was made possible by removing gastrointestinal tracts of the caught fish and preserving them in the concentrated alcohol. The stomach contents of the preserved gastrointestinal tracts were removed, observed and isolated under dissecting microscope of 40X magnification power. To develop the study of zebra mussels, measurements were made by use of ocular micrometer. Additionally, the TL of the prey was also calculated by aid of the provided appendix in order to enhance the calculation of the weight of the each individual species that was consumed by the predators. Wet weight of each fish species was also calculated through the aid of the calculated TL (Morrison, Lynch and Dabrowski 179). Analytical met hods In order to compare the population of zebra mussels in the two selected areas of study, Kolomogorov-Smirnov’s two-sample test was employed. Production of similar frequencies by the method used enhanced the combination of different sites as the predation points. Additionally, the diets of freshwater drum and yellow perch were also used in identifying the size of the zebra mussels that were consumed by the predators in the study area. Comparison and identification of the consumed zebra mussels was effected by use of Chesson’s alpha method, in which pi is the average size of zebra mussel from the provided sizes of zebra mussels, and ri the average size of zebra mussels in the fish diet. Alpha= ri/pi/ Results From the study carried out on freshwater drum, yellow perch and zebra mussels, it is evident that the outcome had significant relationship with the expected values. For instance, the food contents in the gastrointestinal tract of freshwater drum differed with tim e. In the dry month, May, the estimated dry weight of fish species was greater than that of July. Additionally, it was observed that freshwater drum fed on zebra mussels in specific months. Thus, from the study it is evident that the predator consumed some zebra mussels. It was also observed that the rate of zebra mussels’ predation increased with the increase in the size of the predator.Advertising We will write a custom article sample on Predation on Zebra Mussels by Freshwater Drum and Yellow Perch in Western Lake Erie specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More For instance, the gastrointestinal tract of freshwater drum of approximately 250mm TL was found to contain large number of zebra mussels. From the study, it was further evident that freshwater drum alternated its diet with time because of variation in availability of food. For instance, the study showed that its gastrointestinal tract showed some traces of zooplanktons in some months when zebra mussels’ population was inadequate (Morrison, Lynch and Dabrowski 180). Similarly, zebra mussels were found to have been consumed by yellow perch. Although they were found in all sizes of yellow perch, it is evident that predator size contributed immensely towards an increase in predation. For instance, yellow perch greater than 200mm TL were found to include lots of zebra mussels in their diet. Additionally, it is evident that yellow perch also consumed zebra mussels as well zooplanktons during specific periods. Thus, from the study it is evident that yellow perch were not fully dependent on zebra mussels as their source of food. Relationship of size and predation From the study it is also evident that there was a strong relationship between the size of pharyngeal gape and the predated zebra mussels. In most occasions, the size of the consumed zebra mussels was smaller than the size of the pharyngeal gapes of their predators. The widths and heights of the zebra mussels were also small compared to the size of the pharyngeal gapes of the respective predators. However, it was also found out that some zebra mussels were larger than the estimated pharyngeal gape. It was also evident that the increase in size of the predators had high relationship with the size of the predators (Morrison, Lynch and Dabrowski 182). The study also showed that the number of zebra mussels differed with age; their number decreased in the gastrointestinal tract of the predators with increase in age, because very few predators fed on very large zebra mussels. Works Cited Morrison, Todd, William Lynch, and Konrad Dabrowski. â€Å"Predation of Zebra Mussels by Freshwater Drum and Yellow Perch in Western Lake Erie†. Journal of Great Lakes Research   23.2 (1997): 177-189. Print.Advertising Looking for article on ecology? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More This article on Predation on Zebra Mussels by Freshwater Drum and Yellow Perch in Western Lake Erie was written and submitted by user Kole C. to help you with your own studies. 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